Objective To investigate the mosquito infestation in the mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases in urban areas. Methods The ponding status, mosquito infestation rate, and mosquito density were investigated in the mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks of representative subdistricts in the new town areas, old town areas, and urban villages in Shenzhen. The larvae were captured with a 500-ml larva sampling spoon for density (larvae/spoon) calculation. Results A total of 508 mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks were investigated in November 2017; the mean positive rate of mosquito infestation was 4.7% (including a mean positive rate of Aedes infestation of 3.3%). The mounting rate and maintenance rate of Mosquito Proof Set (the four types of mosquito proof facilities, including mosquito repellent sticks, mosquito proof sluices and nets) were 27.4% and 76.3%, respectively. Of the mouths of positive manholes, 83.3% were not equipped with Mosquito Proof Set. The highest and lowest densities of larvae in the positive manholes were 43 larvae/spoon and 1 larva/spoon, respectively. Relatively high positive rates were observed in water supply manholes (5.9%), sediment manholes (5.7%), and municipal sewage manholes (5.5%). The sediment manholes, municipal sewage manholes, and municipal rainwater manholes had a relatively high constituent ratio both in the overall manholes investigated (84.8%) and in the positive manholes (87.5%). No mosquito infestation was found in the mouths of gas, communication, and power supply manholes. Conclusion The Mosquito Proof Sets are conducive to reducing mosquito infestation in the sewers. Places most seriously infested with mosquitoes are sediment manholes, municipal sewage manholes, and municipal rainwater manholes under the municipal administration networks. The Mosquito Proof Sets can effectively reduce mosquito infestation.

Objective To understand the seasonal variation in the population density of Aedes albopictus in Guangdong province, China, based on a standard surveillance method, and to provide a scientific basis for the early warning and prediction for Aedes-borne diseases. Methods From 2007 to 2017, the population density of Ae. albopictus in Guangdong province was monitored by Breteau index (BI), mosquito ovi trap index (MOI), and the mosquito light trap method. Results The Ae. albopictus larvae density surveillance in 9 506 102 houses resulted in a mean BI value of 2.94. The adult Ae. albopictus density surveillance using 1 428 078 effective mosquito ovitraps resulted in a mean MOI value of 4.98. The adult Ae. albopictus density surveillance using 82 019 effective mosquito light traps resulted in an overall Ae. albopictus density of 0.21 mosquito/lamp·night. Between-group comparison made by analysis of variance and the Bonferroni method showed that there was a significant difference in BI surveillance results between different environments ( F=69.158, P<0.01). However, there were no significant differences in MOI or mosquito light trap surveillance results between different environments ( F=1.642, P=0.174; F=1.973, P=0.081). According to the surveillance results by the three methods, the population density of Ae. albopictus was higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. Conclusion Aedes albopictus exists all the time of a year in Guangdong province. The population density of Ae. albopictus varies with year, and season. Therefore, the prevention and control of Ae. albopictus should be performed on a case-by-case basis. The sensitivity of a surveillance method varies with environment, suggesting that the selection of surveillance methods should depend on the surveillance environment.

Objective To understand the distribution status of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Leizhou and assess the risk of dengue and Zika virus diseases transmission. Methods From July to August in 2017, using remote sensing technology and geographic information system (GIS), the distributions of Ae. aegypti in Wushi, Qishui and coastal villages of Leizhou, Guangdong province were investigated by larval straw method and mosq-ovitrap method. Results Seventy-nine (79) residential buildings and 23 fishing vessels were investigated in Wushi and 55 residential buildings and 28 fishing vessels in Qishui. There were 34 positive places of Aedes mosquitoes in Wushi, of which 17 were positive for Ae. aegypti, 14 were positive for Ae. albopictus, and 3 were positive for both. There were 17 positive places of Aedes mosquitoes in Qishui, of which 4 were positive for Ae. aegypti and 13 were positive for Ae. albopictus. In total, 308 bodies of water in 15 coastal villages from Liusha to Jijia were investigated and only Ae. albopictus was found without Ae. aegypti. Aedes aegypti mostly breed in water storage containers of residential buildings and fishing vessels, while Ae. albopictus mostly breed in outdoor tires. Conclusion Aedes aegypti was only found in Wushi and Qishui in Leizhou, and its population and distribution range had a decreasing trend. Large-scale wooden fishing vessels in the two towns still had the Ae. aegypti distribution.

Objective To assess the mosquito-killing effect of ultra-low-volume spraying machine during night and day in community and Zhongshan Park at Shaoguan, and provide the scientific basis to choose scientific and effective mosquito-killing technology. Methods Used the large vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume machine spraying pesticide to kill mosquitoes in Shaoguan communities and park environment, respectively during night and day, then evaluated mosquito-killing effect of applying pesticide spray during night and day by Mosq-ovitrap positive index (MOI) and human-bait of monitoring Aedes density before and after applying pesticide. Results After ultra-low-volume spraying during night and day respectively at villa of Shaoguan Country Garden, human-bait index was reduced by 98.19% and 76.85%, MOI by 81.15% and 43.86%; at park, human-bait fell by 76.47% and 77.78% respectively, and MOI fell by -58.54% and 76.33% respectively. Human-bait relative density index of nighttime, daytime spraying at villa was 3.90 and 14.25 respectively, MOI was 38.48 and 24.47; human-bait relative density index at park was 33.82 and 44.44, MOI was 99.09 and 45.68. Conclusion The ultra-low-volume spraying in Shaoguan community environment at nighttime was significantly better than daytime spraying, but in Zhongshan Park the results were similar. In community environment, nighttime ultra-low-volume spraying, compared with spraying during the day, can effectively kill mosquitoes and keep mosquito-borne diseases at low density level, and has a certain application prospect.

Objective Application of insecticidal barrier spray on vegetation for dengue mosquito vector control to explore rapid and long-term effective control means for dengue mosquito vector control in the urban communities. Methods From June to September of 2015, the phoenix garden of Shaoguan city in Guangdong province was selected as the test site, comparing the effectiveness of barrier spray on vegetation technology to kill the dengue vector mosquito with the ultra low volume spraying. Results The insecticidal barrier spray on vegetation showed quick kill effect, and continuous control effect on Aedes albopictus, reducing mosquito lure egg apparatus index (MOI) lure under 5 for 2 to 4 weeks, the duration of the MOI under 10 for 3 to 6 weeks, the duration of the effective control of mosquito density for 6 to 7 weeks. Pesticide resistance was not detected. Conclusion Insecticidal barrier spray on vegetation can effectively control dengue mosquito vector density more than one month. Compared with ultra-low volume spraying, insecticidal barrier spray on vegetation reduced the cost by 37.50%, saved on-site manpower, pesticides and time, had a positive impact on dengue fever outbreak control in urban communities.

Objective To investigate the resistance status of Aedes albopictus to used insecticides in the late stage of dengue fever emergency control of Guangdong province in 2014, and learn how to prevent the development of resistance. Methods From the end of October to the beginning of November 2014, larve of Ae. albopictus were collected in epidemic regions in Haizhu and Baiyun district of Guangzhou city, Chancheng and Nanhai district of Foshan city, Chaoyang district of Shantou city, Chao'an district of Chaozhou and Rongcheng district of Jieyang city, and were reared about 1 to 2 generations in the lab, then were tested along with the susceptible larvae according to the methods of national standard “Test Methods of mosquito resistance to insecticides-bioassay methods”(GB/T 26347-2010) to calculate LC₅₀ and resistance index. Results Aedes albopictus of all tested regions had low resistance to temephos and propoxur, the resistant index was 4.92-8.33 and 2.35-6.23 fold respectively. The resistantce to permethrin, beta cypermethrin, deltamethrin resistance were 3.53-31.29 fold, 8.35-38.69 fold, and 2.63-37.04 fold respectively. Of pyrethroid insecticides, Guangzhou city have reached the high level resistance mostly, Foshan city, Chaozhou city mostly low level of resistance, Jieyang city for low level of resistance, Shantou city mostly above the moderate level of resistance against cypermethrin. Aedes albopictus from some cities also have developed resistance to other insecticides in different levels. Conclusion Resistance of Ae. albopictus in the dengue epidemic cities in Guangdong increased very quick to the used insecticides. The control of Ae. albopictus should adhere to the principle of sustainable and integrated management to prevent or delay the development of resistance.

Objective To study the community structure, dynamic and West Nile virus (WNV) carried of mosquito vectors in Guangdong, and provide scientific evidence for further development of control and prevention strategies. Methods Mosquito density was monitored by Light-trap from May 2013 to April 2014. One-step reverse-transcript PCR was applied. Results The average density of mosquito was 11.80/light. The seasonal peak of density was from May to July. Of all habitats the density in the barn was the highest. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus accounts for 89.90%, the largest proportion of mosquitoes. No positive was found by RT-PCR. Conclusion Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was the predominant species, the monitoring data could provide scientific basis for the control strategies and warning and forecasting of WNV, but the vectors species of West Nile fever in Guangdong province and its spread risk needs to be further studied.

Objective To investigate the resistance levels of Musca domestica to four commonly used insecticides in the special places such as landfill and meat processing plant in Guangdong province, China. Methods M. domestica larvae were collected in the wild breeding habitats, and topical application was used to determine the median lethal doses (LD₅₀) of permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and DDVP for M. domestica. The experimental data were statistically analyzed by extremum method. Results The LD50 of permethrin, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and DDVP were 13.7179, 3.5971, 5.5982, and 0.7704 μg/insect, respectively, for M. domestica in the landfill and were 1.0999, 0.7278, 8.3314, and 0.5322 μg/insect, respectively, for M. domestica in the meat processing plant. The resistance ratios were 58-2525, increased 1-103 times compared with those in 1996 and increased 2-1383 times compared with those in 1991. The resistance of M. domestica to permethrin, deltamethrin, and DDVP was higher in the landfill than in the meat processing plant. Conclusion M. domestica develops high resistance to some insecticides in the special places in Guangdong province, and the resistance to pyrethroid increases rapidly. Comprehensive management strategies and proper insecticide use should be adopted to control M. domestica in the special places such as landfill and meat processing plant.

Objective Objective This study was carried out to know deltamethrin resistant level in Aedes albopictus wild population in Zhanjiang, Guangdong province, to know the enzyme activity of mixed function oxidase(MFO), non-specific esterase(NSE)and glutathione-S-transferases(GSTs), so as to provide evidence for deltamethrin resistant management and for dengue vector control. Methods Using Ae. albopictus laboratory(lab) strains as reference and the WHO recommended adult mosquito pesticide resistance test bioassay the resistance level was evaluated, meanwhile,enzymes’activity was tested by microplate reader. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software to compare the enzymes’activity and the variation between the field and laboratory populations, frequency distribution of enzyme activity, and the relationship between each enzyme’s activity and protein content of mosquito individual. Results Ae. albopictus had developed high resistant to the deltamethrin in Zhanjiang area. Compared with lab strain, the enzyme activity ratio of MFO, NSE, GST in the wild population was 1.67-, 1.91- and 1.96- folds respectively, and there was significant difference between two populations( P ＜ 0.05) on the three tested metabolic enzymes. The distribution of enzyme activity in Zhanjiang population showed a positively skewed distribution. The reshowed that GST was the main metabolic enzyme contributed to the resistantce, with 72.73% resistant individuals, followed by NSE with 59.76% resistance individuals. There were also some individuals had developed resistance to two or three metabolic enzymes in Zhanjiang population. Conclusion Ae. albopictus had developed high resistance to deltamethrin,its resistance mechanisms might be related to MFO,NSE and GST,especially to GST. More attention should be paid to Ae. albopictus pesticide resistance surveillance to make a suitable strategy for pesticide resistance management.

Objective To analyze the association between prevalence of Chikungunya fever and Mosq-ovitrap index (MOI) and to investigate the infection with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in larval and adult Aedes albopictus. Methods Mosquitoes were collected by mosq-ovitrap and the mosquito density was also determined by Breteau index (BI) during Chikungunya fever outbreak. CHIKV was detected in the Ae. albopictus samples collected in the field by real-time fluorescence PCR and cell culture for isolation. Results Comprehensive emergency control measures were taken for anti-mosquito purpose after the confirmation of Chikungunya fever outbreak. After one week of ergency management, the epidemic situation was effectively controlled, as shown by the fact that both MOI and BI were lower than 5. The collected mosquito samples were divided into 27 groups according to collection time and location, and then CHIKV detection was performed. The results showed that all adult mosquito samples were virus negative, and 3 larval mosquito samples soaked in alcohol were questionably positive, counting for 12.5% of all 24 larval mosquito samples. There were only negative results in the virus detection based on cell culture and isolation. A total of 253 cases were reported in the community with Chikungunya fever outbreak, and the emergency control measures lasted for 22 days. Conclusion As for responding to Chikungunya fever outbreak, mosq-ovitrap is safe, effective, and easy-to-operate for indicating emergency mosquito control, especially for evaluating control efficacy and detecting virus in adult mosquitoes. The infection rate and transmission rate of CHIKV in Ae. albopictus during Chikungunya fever outbreak deserve further study in the future.

Objective To determine the characteristics and dynamics of mosquito population during the process of rapid urbanization, and to identify the relationships between the dynamic of main vectors and rapid urbanization. Methods The mosquito density was investigated for the past four years using the human-bait method. Results Five species of mosquito were captured, including Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis, Aedes albopictus, and Armigeres subalbatus. Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus was predominant (92.27%), followed by Ar. subalbatus (3.98%). The proportions of Ae. albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were relatively small, accounting for 1.62% each. The smallest was An. sinensis (0.51%). During a four-year study period, significant changes had taken place in the proportions of mosquito populations by comparison among the data in 2006, 2008 and 2009. The population of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus decreased while increased of that of Ae. albopictus. An. sinensis gradually disappeared as the time elapsed. The poplation of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus fluctuated largely in the study periods. In the evening, varieties of mosquito species showed distinct activity patterns. The biting time of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was from 19: 00 to 22: 00 in the evening with a peak after 21: 00. Ae. albopictus could be caught all the night with the main peak before 20: 00. A similar activity pattern was observed from Ar. subalbatus and Ae. albopictus. Conclusion During the process of rapid urbanization, the population of the dengue vector, Ae. albopictus, increased gradually. The population of the Japanese encephalitis vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, fluctuated greatly in different years. However, the malaria vector, An. sinensis, eventually was not found. Thus, we propose that the surveillance and control of Ae. albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus should be strengthened during the process of urbanization.

Objective To develop standard laboratory rearing techniques for Aedes albopictus in order to provide consistent, quality, standardized testing insects for use in pesticide experiments. Methods Using standard rearing techniques, the mosquitoes were bred under controlled rearing conditions. The reliability of multiregional rearing was examined based on the weight of female adults 3 days after eclosion from three batches of mosquitoes. Results All three batches resulting from standard rearing techniques yielded qualified Ae. albopictus based on the average weight, with high repeatability and low relative deviation (8.28%) of weights. As shown from the average weights of mosquitoes bred using different dietary formulas, all three approaches were applicable to different regions and the relative deviation was low (7.69%). Conclusion The rearing technique was repeatable and effective in developing weight-uniform Ae. albopictus for pesticide experiments.

【Abstract】 Objective To test the efficacy of four kinds of electric liquid repellents (A 0.12% dimefluthrin, B 0.17% dimefluthrin, C 0.86% transfluthrin, D 0.86% prallethrin) for the Japanese encephalitis(JE) vectors in the field. Methods The landing count method was used to the investigation of mosquito density before and after treatment by electric liquid repellent. Results The main species caught in the field were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, which were the JE vector. Only  sample  A  reached ＞80%  population  reduction  of  Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Both sample B, C and D caused ＜80% population reduction of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Both sample A, C and D caused ＞80% population reduction. However, only sample B led to 70%-80% population reduction. Conclusion The tests suggest that four samples have a good repellent effect on mosquito, but the efficacy of sample B is less than that of sample A, C and D. There are different for the control efficacy of different electric liquid repellent in the lab and the field.

【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the surveillance effect of Mosq?ovitrap to Aedes in the littoral areas with the high mosquito density. Methods Three or four Mosq?ovitraps were set in each household selected randomly from every 5 families. At the same time, the positive rate of the containers was investigated inside and outside of the household. Results A total of 1027 Mosq?ovitraps were set, and 43 Mosq?ovitraps were positive among 939 Mosq?ovitraps recovered effectively. Mosquito and oviposition positive index(MOI) was 4.6. There were 217 positive standing wasters among 324 households investigated, and the Breteau Index was 67.0, which was much higher than MOI. There was no significant correlation between them （r＝0.449，P＞0.05）. Conclusion The environmental hygiene condition has an important effect on the monitoring results of Mosq?ovitrap. It still needs to further study that how to raise the catching ability of Mosq?ovitrap to mosquitoes and apply it to the mosquitoes surveillance in the areas with high mosquito density.

【Abstract】 Objective A field study was carried out in a restaurant in the south of China to investigate the blood sources affected Japanese encephalitis （JE） vectors Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus indoor abundance. Methods Vector density was investigated by human?leg capture technique. Results In the dinning room adjacent to deer blood resource, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant specie（74.80% of total number） and the minor vector was Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus （21.14%）. However, in the restroom where the mosquitoes could only access to human blood,  Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus accounted for 60.28% and that of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus was 36.62%（n＝845）. The density of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus in restroom was higher than that in the dinning room （df＝1, χ2＝5.32，P＜0.05, n＝676）. However, the density of Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus in the dinning room was higher than that in the restroom（df＝1, χ2＝268.45， P＜0.001, n＝611）. Conclusion The results showed that the blood resources influenced the JE vector spatial abundance. The abundance of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus or Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus was affected by the animal blood or the human blood.

Objective To investigate the breeding characteristics of Aedes albopictus in urbanization residential area,which should provide the basis for the control of Ae.albopictus. Methods The study was carried out in the village of Jieyang city and high-urbanization downtown of Foshan from March 2004 to November 2005. Water containers were detected in and around one household which was randomly selected every 5 households. The data were analyzed by software SPSS 11.0. Results Of 5635 possible breeding sites in 7470 houses investigated, 502(6.72%) were positive. In the village of Jieyang,the major breeding containers included unused container (jars, bottles and tins, etc.) and water reservoir receptacles with the positive constitute ratio of 64.98% and 18.77% respectively. The positive constitute ratio of unused containers reached the maximum in September every year. But in residential area of Foshan city, the major breeding containers were made up of water vases in which the flowers and plants grow and unused containera, and the positive constitute ratio of them were 45.52% and 33.79% respectively. The positive constitute ratio of unused containers was in the peak from July to September, and that in miniascape and water plant was the highest in 2004 and May 2005 with the value of 75.00%. But the result was zero after May 2005. Conclusion There were different among the breeding sites in different residential area, which varied with season. The breeding containers in increasing urbanization cities were mainly miniascape, water plant and unused containers, but in low urbanization village, the breeding sites were mainly the unused containers and water reservoir receptacle.

Objective To study the sensitive of TaqMan MGB Real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and nested RT-PCR on detecting Dengue virus(DV) from Aedes albopictus and establish a sensitive, specific, and repetitive method for DV diagnosis. Methods Females adults were artificially infected with Den-2 in lab, different infected mosquito concentration (mosquitos/1000 μl) and 50 mosquitos/pool were designed and processed for virus detection by TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR and nested RT-PCR. Fluorescence signal and electrophoresis showed the results. Results For all pool, the lightest concentration that can be detected was 3 mosquitos/1000 μl for two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR, and 5 mosquitos/1000 μl for one-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR and nested RT-PCR. Conclusion Two-step TaqMan MGB is more sensitive, specific, scientific and rapid to detect DV than nested RT-PCR, and is a good surveillance method for DV in A.albopictus.

Objective In order to test the efficacy of four kinds of mosquito coils in the field,and to investigate the efficacy tests and evaluation methods for different kinds of mosquito coils.Methods Compare with density reduction by the bite counts based on pre-and post-treatment using human-leg catch technique.Results The main species which was caught in the trial field was Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and decreased the peak of bites period was from 22:00 to 23:00 in the evening.Coil A and D caused 88.2%,90.5% population,respectively.However,coil B and C led 72.5%,78.1% population reduction,respectively.Conclusion The tests suggested that four coils had a good effect on prevention from the bites of the mosquito,yet,the insecticide efficacies of coil A and D are better than that of coil B and C.Discussion: Pre-trial is very essential for the efficacy tests in the field trial.Simulating field test for indoor insecticidal efficacy should be adopted to correct or reduce the experiment error.

Objective To compare the results and understand relationship between the mosq-ovitrap method and larval survey for detecting the presence of ; Aedes mosquitoes in the field. Methods The study was carried out in the cities of Foshan and Jieyang,Guangdong province,from March 2004 to November 2005. A mosq-ovitrap was set every 5 random households and their premises,or set every 25-50 meters in a hidden and shady place in the surroundings of hospitals,schools,government office buildings,factories and gardens. Larval surveys and mosq-ovitrap method were used simultaneously in the households or in the areas of 5 meters around the trap set in the surroundings. Results In households,hospitals,schools,government office buildings,factories and gardens,14 902 mosq-ovitraps were simultaneously set and 14 648 were collected back. The positive traps for adult mosquitoes was 932. The mosquito and oviposition positive index(MOI) and mosquito-trap density index(MDI) were 6.36 and 1.03± 0.89 respectively. Total 962 Aedes albopictus(99.5)and 5 Culex(0.5) were collected. The maximum of the mosquito adults captured in a single trap was 10. At the same time,8537 water containers in 14 902 households or premises (5 meters in circumference of the mosq-ovitrap) were checked,of which 844 contained the Aedes albopictus larvae. The Breteau Index,House Index and Container Index were 5.66 ,3.87 and 9.89 respectively. The MOI was 1.12 times of the Breteau Index,or 1.64 times of the House Index,or 0.64 times of the Container Index. Conclusion There is a positive relationship between the MOI and the Breteau Index,and the House Index,the container Index respectively. The MOI is particularly approximate to the Breteau Index.

Objective To compare the results between the mosq-ovitrap and the Ovitrap in the field. Methods The trial was carried out in a campus in Guangzhou from August to November 2004,and from February to August 2005. One mosq-ovitraps and one ovitraps at intervals of 1 m were set every 50 m at hidden and shady spot and the positions of two kinds traps were alternated each month. Mosquitoes captured and the egg positive traps were counted and recorded on the 4 ^th day and the 7 ^th day since the installation. Results On the 4 ^th day since installation,the positive indices of mosq-ovitrap and ovitrap were 35.5 and 56.7 respectively; and at 7 ^th days,the positive indices were 53.3 and 71.5 respectively. In total,the oviposition index(OI) of the ovitraps at 7 ^th days was nearly 2 times of the mosquito and oviposition positive index(MOI) of mosq-ovitraps installed for 4 days. 284( 99.3 ) Aedes albopictus,and 2 Culex quinquefasciatus were captured in the 662 mosq-ovitraps installed for 4 days . The mosquito(Aedes)-trap density index(MDI) was 1.21± 1.12 ,the number of caught mosquitoes ranged from 0 to 8 in all the mosq-ovitraps. The results of the surveillance in each month indicated that there was positive correlation between the MOIs of the mosq-ovitraps set for 4 days and the OIs of the ovitraps set for 7 days ( r=0.838 , P=0.001, y=25.548+1.312 x). Conclusion When the mosq-ovitraps were applied for 4 days,the MOI could reflect the population seasonal dynamic of mosquito. There was positive correlation between the MOIs of the mosq-ovitraps and the OIs of the ovitraps.

Objective To study the resistance development of anticoagulant rodenticide in commensal rodents. Methods Tests was carried out without selectivity by rodents based on the method of National Rodenticide Resistance Monitoring Co-worker Group. Results 769 Rattus flavipectus and 303 Rattus norvegicus were caught in five cities of Guangdong were tested. The resistance rate differs from 1.69 to 12.21 the average dosage taken differs from 10.36 mg/kg to 131.96 mg/kg . The result showed that Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus had become individual resistance to the resistance rodenticide Ⅰ. Conclusion The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas gathered with Rattus flavipectus. The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ can be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with careful tests of sensitivity.

Objective To survey the resistance status of Aedes albopictus to several commonly used insecticides in Guangdong province,and learn how to prevent the occurrence and development of resistance. Methods Larvae of Ae.albopictus were collected in five cities located in the east,south,west,north and middle of Guangdong province,and were bred for 1 to 2 generations in the lab,then tested with WHO standard bioassay to calculate LC ₅₀ and resistance index. Results Ae.albopictus had low resistance to deltamethrin and cypermethrin,the resistant index was 3.10-4.20 against deltamethrin,and 2.23-2.91 against cypermethrin. Ae.albopictus was sensitivity to malathion,and the index is 1.05-1.91. Ae.albopictus from some cities also had developed resistance to other insecticides in different levels. Conclusion Resistance should be monitored regularly. Insecticides should be used scientifically and rationally to prevent and reduce the occurrence and development of resistance.

Objective To study the sensitivity of TaqMan MGB Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on detecting Dengue virus (DV) from Aedes albopictus and to develop a sensitive,specific,and repetitive assay method for DV diagnosis. Methods Females A.albopictus were artificially infected with Den-2 in lab,different concentration for infecting mosquito (mosquitos/ 500 μl or mosquitoes/ 1 000 μl) and different pools (0,10,25,50 females of lab A.albopictus without DV were added to each treatment) were designed to process of virus detection by one-step and two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR. Fluorescent signal was observed to show the results. Results For all pools,the minimal concentration which could be detected was 2 mosquitoes/ 500 μl and 3 mosquitoes/ 1 000 μl for two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR,but 5 mosquitoes/ 500 μl for one-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR. There was no evident effect on the detection of DV RNA by the RNA of A.albopictus. Conclusion TaqMan MGB is sensitive and specific to detect DV,and is a perfect surveillance method for DV index of A.albopictus. It is better for 20-30 mosquitoes/pool and 500 μl dilution/pool by two-step TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR.

Objective To establish the system of surveillance and forecast for dengue fever,a sensitive,effective,and feasible appliance was developed for the monitoring of dengue fever vector, Aedes albopictusin field.Methods According to the ecological characters of, Aedes albopictus,and the structure of CDC(USA) ovitrap and housefly trap,we invented a Mosqovitrap in which the mosquito would be attracted to oviposit,and would be caught. The attractive effect was tested in laboratory and in field.Results In laboratory both the positive mosquito and oviposition indexes of new Mosqovitrap were 100 and the average adults and eggs were 12.25 and 1 369.2 in one trap,while in the dweller environment,the indexes were 26.2 and 27.1 respectively,and they were higher than the container index and similar to the Bretaeu index. The positive oviposition index was 18.6 in field. Conclusion As an appliance for monitoring vector of dengue fever,the new Mosq ovitrap had a high attractive effect for Aedes albopictus.

Objective To explore the dosage of beta cypermethrin against Aedes albopictus by ultra low volume(ULV) spraying in Guangzhou City.Methods Adult mortality of Aedes albopictus,sensitive and field population collected from Guangzhou,was observed after ground ULV exposured to beta cypermethrin in laboratory and in field.Results The beta cypermethrin was applied at 0.5 ai·mg/m ² in the field resulted in 100% control of the field population 5 m from the point of application,control decreased to 96.0% at 10 m,and to 75% at 15 m.Conclusion The study showed that Aedes albopictus collected in Guangzhou was controlled by ground ULV exposured to beta cypermethrin at the dosage of 0.5 ai·mg/m ².

Objective:To evaluate the high activity poison bait against resistant German Cockroach.Method:Spraying.Baiting.Result:The density of German Cockroach decreased 96.1% after a day on the field treated with the poison bait at the dosage of 1-2 g/m ²,and decreased 97.4% after 8 weeks.But the density of German cockroach decreased 30.3% after one day treated with the deltamethrin suspension at the dosage of 40 mg a.i./m ²,and became no efficacy after 6 weeks,after 8 weeks on the same place treated with the poison bait the density decreased 95.1% for one day.Conclusion:The experiment result show that the poison bait have high and quick and persistent activity against the high resistan strains of Germant cockroach.It is harmless to mankind,and easy to use.

A trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of three pyrethroids,Crackdown,K·Othrin and Fendona for the control of cockroach in restaurant and pork market.Laboratory testing with a sample of Periplaneta americana colleced from the field, by the timeknockdown response method,it showed a low resistance to Deltamethrin in comparision with a known susceptive strain,After Crackdown, K·Othrin and Fendona were applied at the dosages of 15mg/m ²,15mg/m ² and 30mg/m ²,the population of cockroach had reduced to a very low level in three monthes.The Crackdon showed quickly knockdown effect against cockroach in comparision with the others.